Kendo Grading Test

This sport gives you the opportunity to fight with a sword. Well, a stick that looks like sword, but who's counting!

To win a fight you must score points by hitting your opponent on the head, the arm, the chest or the throat.

Don't worry though, you wear a lot of Stars Wars-style gear to protect you. It looks totally mental!

Glasgow & Southern Area 2007 Grading Questions

Shodan.

Please answer 2 of the following four questions using between half and a full side of A4 paper per question.

1. Draw a shinai and name the parts using the correct Japanese terms.
2. Explain: rei-ho.
3. Describe the 3rd form in Nihon Kendo no Kata.
4. What do you understand by the term: issoku itto maai.

Nidan.

Please answer 2 of the following four questions using between half and a full side of A4 paper per question.

1. What do you understand by the term: sho-dachi
2. Describe and explain the opportunities for making a successful strike in Kendo.
3. Describe the fourth form in Nihon Kendo no Kata and highlight areas that require particular attention.
4. Explain the importance of: reigi in Kendo.

Sandan

Please answer 2 of the following four questions using between half and a full side of A4 paper per question.

1. Discuss: hikitate-keiko and its merits.
2. Explain: hando-dosa.
3. Describe the Fifth form in Nihon Kendo no Kata and highlight areas that require particular attention.
4. Describe two types of Kendo keiko.

Yondan

Please answer 2 of the following four questions using between half and a full side of A4 paper per question.

You now must answer the compulsory question on refereeing.

1. Explain the concept of: san satsu ho
2. Describe the opportunities to attack in Kendo with emphasis on your opponent’s mental state.
3. Explain: sutemi
4. Give examples of Hansoku and how the Sushin indicates this to fighter concerned

Grading Procedures: January 2006.

This article is a guide to the BKA regulations in line with the IKF regulations for Dan/Kyu examinations. Gradings taken in all member countries should as closely as possible, follow the pattern set out below.

1. Recognised Grades

2. Applicants Eligibility for Kendo

3. Examination Method for Kendo, Iaido & Jodo

4. Examination Subjects: Kendo

5. Kata'' requirements for Kendo grading candidates

6. Kendo Refereeing requirements for grading candidates:

Regulations [Consolidation]

7. Kendo Examiner’s Qualification, Required Number of Examiners

and Eligibility Criteria for Kendo, Iaido & Jodo

8. Criteria for Awarding Kendo Dan Grades

[Guidelines for Assessing the Pass-Fail in Kendo Examinations]


1. Recognised Grades

The recognised grades for which examinations shall be taken are 1st Kyu (Ikkyu) up to and including 8th Dan (Hachidan). These shall be granted by the representative organisation according to their overall ability and shall be mutually recognised as being equivalent among member organisations.
N.B. The BKA does not recognise the grades for Kendo Iaido or Jodo given by other bodies for these arts in the U.K.

2. Applicants Eligibility for Kendo

The applicant shall be a registered member of an IKF member country/organisation. Note: - If taking a grading overseas then the permission of the BKA President must be obtained in writing prior to going to the country where you wish to take your grading Also overseas students wishing to take a grade in the UK must obtain similar permission from the head of their own national organisation.

The Applicant shall have the following periods of practice Grade Minimum Delay Minimum Age
1st Kyu about 50 hours 12 years
1st Dan 3 Months or more after 1st Kyu 14 years
2nd Dan 1 year or more after 1st Dan
3rd Dan 2 years or more after 2nd Dan
4th Dan 3 years or more after 3rd Dan
5th Dan 4 years or more after 4th Dan
6th Dan 5 years or more after 5th Dan
7th Dan 6 years or more after 6th Dan
8th Dan 10 years after 7th Dan 46 years


Those who desire to apply for a 6, 7 or 8th Dan examination, 60 years old or older and who have practiced for the number of years as listed below, shall be allowed to apply.

GradePractice Periods

6th DanTwo years or more after 5th Dan

7th DanThree years or more after 6th Dan

8th DanFive years or more after 7th Dan

All BKA members must maintain full membership for the entire period between grades, failure to do so will result in the grading clock being reset to zero for the grade you wish to take.

Once you have satisfied the required time delay in years, your next grade can be taken in the same calendar month.

e.g. After 1st Dan on the 20th August in one year then you may take 2nd Dan any time after the 1st of August the following year, but if 1st Dan was taken on the 1st of September, then the applicant will not be eligible on August the 31st of the following year, but must wait until the next grading after 1st September.

Note: - If for some reason you feel that you have a case for permission to be granted to take a grading despite not keeping up regular membership then you must write to the Chairman and President, so that your case can be put before the EC. Please remember that the EC only meets four times a year and could mean that the meeting will come too late for your grading.

3. Examination Method for Kendo, Iaido & Jodo

The host organisation shall provide the examiners. In cases where member countries lack the required number other member organisations may provide qualified examiners. In the case of European or World Championships then the examiners will be selected by the EKF/IKF respectively in conjunction with the host nation.

4. Examination Subjects: Kendo Grade being taken Graded on
1st Kyu Kirikaeshi. Matches and Kihon keiko ho [1st 4 forms]
1st Dan Kirikaeshi. Matches and Kata [ Tachi 1st 3 forms] and Written Test
2nd Dan Kirikaeshi. Matches and Kata [Tachi 1st 5 forms] and Written Test
3rd Dan Kirikaeshi. Matches and Kata [Tachi 7 forms] and Written Test
4th Dan Matches and Kata [Tachi 7 &Kodachi 3 forms] and Written Test
5th Dan Matches and Kata [Tachi 7 & Kodachi 3 forms] and Written Test
6th Dan Matches and Kata [Tachi 7 & Kodachi 3 forms]
7th Dan Matches Kata [ Tachi 7 & Kodachi 3 forms]


(i) Note:-

The requirements for 1st Kyu to present Kihon keiko ho [4 forms]

In place of Kata, will come into effect at the Southern area grading on the 26th March 2006.

(ii) Note:-

There have been several 'grumbles' in the past, about the changing emphasis on different aspects in the examination process of Kata when grading.
The following statement is to clarify the grading process in the examination of Kata that was commenced at the Stoke seminar in July 03 and are the standard format in all Kendo examinations when assessing the Kata section.
If during the examination of Kata a recognised technical error is made by any candidate, the panel may at their discretion request for a further demonstration to be given, thus allowing the candidate one further attempt to correct the error. If any candidates realises that they or their respective partner have made an error, then they should indicate this to the panel by raising their hand, they will then be permitted one further attempt to correct the error. Compounding a technical error will result in the candidate failing the Kendo examination
We trust that this will assist candidates in their preparation for examination, instigate the pursuit of higher standards in performance and understanding, through the increased study of Kata.
Kata seminars are held on a regular basis in order to advance this pursuit.

5. Kata requirements for grading candidates

After reviewing the overall presentation of Kendo Kata demonstrated at gradings throughout 2004 it was decided to concentrate on raising the required standard. This was undertaken at the various seminars throughout 2005 and from the Autumn grading held in London after the Lidstone Taikai, the examination process was tightened up to include the following:

IKKYU:

To complete the first four forms of Kihon keiko ho without any error and to show the correct Reiho and individual appearance.

SHODAN:

To complete the first three kata forms without error and show the correct cutting action from each kamae used, in addition Utsu-maai must be effective.

NIDAN:

To complete the first five kata forms without error, distance and timing also the manner of all actions should be clearly visible.

Overall an understanding of practical application of the forms should be evident. (Why you are doing what you are doing)

SANDAN:

To complete seven kata forms without error using the correct Utsu-maai and manner (pace of the form and cutting timing)

The forms should show the correct purpose and intention with regard to the action/reaction principles.

YONDAN:

To complete all ten kata forms without error and showing effective use of the bokken.

Also the connection between Uchidachi and Shidachi in regard to timing and spirit should be at a high level.

The performance should also reflect the principles of Juho and Goho.

GODAN:

To complete all ten kata forms and the performance should contain the virtues of Grace, Sincerity, Dignity and Wisdom.

Effective action and reaction should be visible, mental contact between Uchidachi / Shidachi should also be un-broken.

ROKUDAN:

To complete all ten kata forms and the performance should contain the virtues of Grace, Sincerity, Dignity and Wisdom.

Effective action and reaction should be visible, mental contact between Uchidachi / Shidachi should also be un-broken. Understanding of ‘Riai’ (The candidate must be able to execute Waza and move in a way that is rational and purposeful) together with‘Fuukaku’ and ‘Hinkaku’ (Demonstrating one’s own style which is dignified and elegant)

Procedures in the event of an error being made during presentation:

1 further attempt to demonstrate the correct procedures if either candidate feels they have made an error or if asked by the panel to demonstrate again.

This applies 1st kyu to 3rd Dan only.

For 4th Dan and above 1 attempt only to demonstrate the correct procedures if either candidate feels they have made an error.

Further to this Notification the following concession will be made for all persons taking 1st Dan to 6th Dan [excluding 1st Kyu]:

If on passing the Shinai section of their grading and then failing the Kata section, a further one off attempt at the Kata section will be permitted within a set time frame after the date of the failed grading.

Further attempts after these periods will not be permitted and an applicant will have to re-apply to take all of the sections [Shinai, Kata and written paper] of the Kendo grading.

This concession will apply to BKA National gradings only and will not forfeit a member wishing to take a full overseas grading in the interim.

Period of validation: For those failing 1st Dan to 6th Dan: 6 months

In all cases a further full BKA grading fee will be required

(iii) Note:-

The following is an announcement from the Kendo Bu of importance to all Kendoka grades 3rd Dan and above.

We are in a position of extreme crisis regarding refereeing in this country, efforts have been made to encourage and promote refereeing at National courses over the years and yet attendance still remains poor and those prepared to: 'stand up and be counted' do still not come forward, putting unnecessary pressure on an already overworked and often maligned band of hard working officials who may not always be there to do 'the business.' As an example at a Sir Frank Bowden Taikai, not thatlong ago, there were only 6 referees in attendance, this was totally unacceptable both for the referees who participated and for the people competing.

It is of paramount importance that the highest standards of refereeing are met at all times and that situations like this are not allowed to happen now or in the future. As you are aware or should be, refereeing and shiai are as much a part of Kendo as Kata and all the various types of shinai practice; therefore it will now become a grading requirement for an applicant within this group to comply with the following refereeing policy in order to take their next grade, both here and abroad and a refereeing book will be issued for recording this information. It will also be used to assist in the future selection of International referees.

There will, however, also be the opportunity to gain accreditation by attending one of the regional seminars held throughout the year if they are unable to attend the National course. [Applicants from other countries will also need to have similar accreditation to take examination in this Country]. We apologise only for the direct nature of this policy, but reiterate, swift action must be taken in order to rectify the serious situation that has developed.

We trust that you the membership will understand that we are not trying to impose new rules just for the sake of it, or restricting people from progressing in Kendo by 'moving the goal posts' or other well known chestnuts - we are just trying to build a healthy foundation for the future of shiai and refereeing and ultimately Kendo in this country.

We know from the data held on the membership that at present there are over 100 registered grades from 3rd Dan to 5th Dan plus 6th and 7th Dan [the latter who as we know already referee]. Therefore it is our intention that the following policy be introduced from next year: that all 3rd 4th and 5th Dan commence an educational programme of refereeing by attending a National course which will be organized annually [dates to be announced] and that within this group 4th and 5th Dan as well as attending the National courses, will as a 'future' requirement, be actively involved at one National competition a year and this rule will also apply to 6th Dan if they are not already doing so, 7th Dan being senior members are, already involved and they will also feature predominantly in teaching the required refereeing skills at the National Courses, the regional seminars will also continue to have refereeing and shiai practice as an integral part of their curriculum thus continuing to introduce refereeing to all members irrespective of grade.

All grades within this group should have met the criteria

The announcement of the policy decision to include refereeing as a grading requirement for candidates taking their 4th Dan examination and above was given inthe ‘Newsonline’ and the website, together with some of the reasons and initial thoughts.

What follows is an amplification of the reasoning behind the decision and the procedures that will come into force to implement the policy decision.

The reasons for this decision are two-fold: -

Refereeing is a part of kendo as much as kata and shinai ability. Referees are engaged in shiai as much as the combatants. Refereeing requires the same elements of distance, timing and quick decision-making as any other part of kendo. The presentation, posture and movement of the person must look good, the flags used correctly and with clear commands and decisions need to be made instantly and with good spirit. The elements of ki-ken-tai ichi are clear and a complete understanding of all kendo techniques is of paramount importance, therefore focussed observations of the aspects of kendo made during competition makes Refereeing an excellent vehicle for attaining this technical understanding.

Referees are necessary for taikai and there has been a dearth of candidates coming forward to take up this role in the BKA.

So the policy change is based upon (i) the premise that high-grade kendoka should add refereeing knowledge and skill to their repertoire of kendo and (ii) that from this base more people will develop this part of their kendo up to national and international level.

The Procedures and Regulations which follow are driven by the following principles:

Fairness and transparency,

Accessibility to all members,

Ease of administration

To be as abuse-proof as we can make them

There will be a time of Transition and then a time of Consolidation.

Transition Procedures

Year 1: Everyone in the category [3rd 4th and 5th Dan] taking gradings between 1st January-31st December 2003 will have a compulsory question about refereeing in their grading paper. This must be satisfactorily answered for the grade to be awarded. If a person in this category produces an unsatisfactory answer but passes the Keiko and kata parts then the grade will be withheld until a satisfactory answer is produced.

Year 2: Everyone in the category [3rd 4th and 5th Dan] taking gradings between the 1st January and the 31st December 2004 will have the compulsory question and must produce evidence of attendance at a seminar which has refereeing practice in the programme.

Year 3: Everyone in the category [3rd 4th and 5th Dan] taking gradings between 1st January-31st December 2005 will have the compulsory question, must produce evidence of attendance at a seminar and either evidence of refereeing 3 matches at a competition or attendance at a second seminar with refereeing practice as part of the programme.

6. Refereeing requirements for grading candidates: Regulations [Consolidation]

These will come into operation for candidates passing 3rd, 4th and 5th Dan gradings in 2003. The year 2006 will see the first of the 3rd Dans eligible for 4th Dan examination under these regulations, the first 4th Dans will be eligible for 5th Dan in 2007 and the first 5th Dans will be eligible for 6th Dan in 2008.

From 1st January 2006 the Regulations will be as follows;

That each grade, bearing in mind as stated above that 3rd Dans have a three year period to the next grading, 4th Dans 4 years and 5th Dans 5 years.

3rd Dan: Attendance at a minimum of one seminar and the refereeing of at least 6 matches as assistant referees at recognised competitions together with a compulsory grading question.

4th Dan: Attendance at a minimum of 2 seminars and the refereeing of at least 12 matches of which 2 must be as chief referee together with a compulsory grading question.

5th Dan: Attendance at a minimum of 2 seminars and refereeing throughout a competition as required by the chief referee plus a compulsory grading question.

A match is deemed to be the episode when two people are fighting. It does not mean a team match.

The endorsements for both refereeing and seminar attendance will be given to people immediately after the event in such a form [Hanko - stamp plus signature] which can be entered into their ‘Blue’ book and can be presented as evidence to the grading officer when they apply to take their specific grading.

The Kendo Bu will construct current lists and contact details of people who need refereeing experience to help the Bu and Taikai organisers in the selection of referees; these names will be forwarded to the Senior Referees overseeing the competition and a rota constructed. The Kendo Bu will fill out the ‘Blue’ book for signature post-event.

Written material on refereeing is published regularly in the News Online and on the Web site and regulation handbooks will also be issued to successful 3rd Dan candidates.

Presentation of the ‘Blue’ book at registration for grading will be required in order to provide a checking mechanism.

For people who wish to take gradings abroad, the Refereeing requirements as to grading in this country will have to be met prior to the examination in order that permission is granted to grade abroad. The compulsory question will still be asked and have to be answered to satisfactory standard for the grade to be recognised in the UK.

All members have ample opportunities to fulfil the requirements, because as well as National Refereeing seminars being available; all other official BKA seminars include refereeing and shiai as an integral part of their programmes.

For those overseas visitors wishing to take Dan examination within the afore mentioned categories in the UK, they will normally be expected to abide by the grading regulations and will be asked for written evidence of refereeing experience prior to their application being approved.

Candidates wishing to attend Seminars for refereeing should contact the Kendo Bu in order to register.

7. Examiner’s Qualification, Required Number of Examiners and Eligibility
Criteria for Kendo, Iaido & Jodo

Dan ExaminedExaminerNumberCriteria

1st Kyu3rd Dan & above3Consent of min. 2 Examiners

1st Dan4th Dan & above5Consent of min. 3 Examiners

2nd Dan5th Dan & above5Consent of min. 3 Examiners

3rd Dan5th Dan & above5Consent of min. 3 Examiners

4th Dan6th Dan & above6Consent of min. 4 Examiners

5th Dan7th Dan 7 above6Consent of min. 4 Examiners

6th Dan7th Dan 7 above6Consent of min. 4 Examiners

7th Dan7th Dan 7 above6Consent of min. 4 Examiners

(iiii) Note:-

Special Treatment

Concerning examinations for 4th Dan and above, if the required number of qualified and suitable examiners cannot be appointed, the number of the examiners may be reduced to 5. In this case, the consent of a minimum of 4 examiners shall determine the final decision
8. Criteria for Awarding Kendo Dan Grades

[Guidelines for Assessing the Pass-Fail in Kendo Examinations]

At a Kendo examination, examiners evaluate candidates for promotion for each grade based on the evidence of an appropriate level of training and the degree of technical proficiency and stability acquired through the course of their study.

The central concern for evaluation in examinations for the grades of 1st Kyu, Shodan, 2-Dan and 3-Dan is the level of ‘Kihon’ (basic techniques) demonstrated by the examinee. The examiner assesses whether the candidate has learnt and correctly acquired the basic Kendo skills.

The central concern for evaluation in examinations for the grades of 4-Dan and 5-Dan is the level of basic Kendo techniques and advanced techniques (Kihon and Oyo). The examiner assesses whether the candidate has fully acquired and is able to utilise basic and advanced Kendo skills.

The central concern for evaluation in examinations for the grades of 6-Dan and 7-Dan is the ability to demonstrate ‘Jiri’ (technique and theory). Besides the basic and advanced Kendo techniques, the examiner assesses whether a candidate has acquired sufficient knowledge and understanding of Jiri, the techniques of Kendo accompanied with theory or principles.

Points for Observation

Each Dan examiner is required to make a decision after paying careful attention to the following points in accordance with the above criteria:

1st Kyu, Shodan, 2-Dan, 3-Dan

1. Chakuso and Reiho. The candidate’s appearance and whether they are correctly wearing the Keiko-gi and Hakama, and are holding the Shinai correctly (Chakuso); appropriate manners and deportment (Reiho)

2. Correct posture

3. Datotsu (strikes and thrusts) in accordance to the correct basic Kendo techniques

4. Strong spirit (Kisei).

4-Dan, 5-Dan

1. Chakuso and Reiho. The candidate’s appearance and whether they are correctly wearing the Keiko-gi and Hakama, and are holding the Shinai correctly (Chakuso); Appropriate manners and deportment (Reiho)

2. Correct posture

3. Datotsu (strikes and thrusts) in accordance to the correct basic Kendo techniques

4. Strong spirit (Kisei)

5. Level of proficiency acquired in advanced Kendo techniques

6. Level of mental and physical discipline demonstrated

7. Strategic skills to control and win a match

6-Dan, 7-Dan and higher Dan

1, Chakuso and Reiho. The candidate’s appearance and whether they are correctly wearing the Keiko-gi and Hakama, and are holding the Shinai correctly (Chakuso); Appropriate manners and deportment (Reiho)

2. Correct posture

3. Datotsu (strikes and thrusts) in accordance to the correct basic Kendo techniques

4. Strong spirit (Kisei)

5. Level of proficiency acquired in advanced Kendo techniques

6. Level of mental and physical discipline demonstrated

7. Strategic skills to control and win a match

8. Understanding of ‘Riai’ (The candidate must be able to execute Waza and move in a way that is rational and purposeful)

9. ‘Fuukaku’ and ‘Hinkaku’ (Demonstrating one’s own style which is dignified and elegant)

The examiners are expected to make their evaluations and final decisions based on the above mentioned criteria within the prescribed examination time.

Grading Requirements - a guide for Dojo leaders

As you might know, this process was started by Jeff Humm who asked the ten senior 6th and 7th kendoka of the BKA to contribute their thoughts on Grading Standards and the requirements as they saw them. The response varied from minimal to extremely detailed, and the first draft was simply to collate the requirements under similar headings with an indication of the frequency with which they arose. Draft two discarded the opinions held by only one person or those which appeared more frequently in a following section. Similar requirements (i.e. "ashi sabaki and ki ken tai") were next merged to reduce the number of separate headings to form the third draft. The fourth draft attempted to define some of the major requirements and the fifth draft was amended after consultation with the Technical Director of the Netherlands who had access to relevant Japanese language source material.

Ikkyu

Act correctly on the shiai jo, be tidily dressed, show correct etiquette on and off court

Expect to see the initial rei with the left arm extended (teito), after rei assume taito posture placing the thumb onto the tsuba. Judge where to rei in order to reach the sonkyo position in three steps with the shinai tips just touching. Clothing should be clean and pressed, not necessarily new. Tenugui should be worn in such a way that it doesn't slip down during the grading. Check to see that the men himo are untied properly at the end of the bout and that the men is not just slipped off, the inside of the men should be wiped before the face. Have the examinees entered the dojo with clean feet?

Show correct ashi sabaki and ki ken tai for ikkyu level

Note if the examinee steps forward as he stands from sonkyo and moves in a way conducive to making an attack and not in a crab-wise direction. Look for a flat left heel, especially moving backwards on the kendo kata or on the backward passage of the kiri kaeshi, or the left foot splayed out. Check that the left foot is not moved as the shinai is raised, this will indicate that the left foot is not the motive force. The cuts should coordinate reasonably well with the stamp of the right foot.

Hold the shinai correctly, cut with control, cut on target

See if the hands are holding the shinai from on top, of course in kata we can see the grip easily but with kote on it is essential to look at the position of the elbows as the arms are raised to give an indication of whether the correct grip is employed. Left hand on the end of the tsuka and right hand near the tsuba - especially when cutting backwards on the kirikaeshi. It's usually easy to see if the cuts are controlled but look especially for missed kote cuts that finish at knee height, also look carefully at the last backwards cut on the kirikaeshi and note the position of the right arm. The right arm and the angle of the shinai will also show if a cut is correctly pushed, "clubbed" or "bounces" up too high and also if it hit the men gane or the men buton.

Be eager to initiate attacks

Beginners will often imitate their instructors who may often be using ojiwaza or inviting attacks (sasoi). This may be understandable from the instructor's point of view but is not a good way for beginners to train as they start to rely on trickery. Hikiwaza - yes, nukiwaza - not at this stage.

Show reasonable kirikaeshi - attacking side only

The hardest thing about the kirikaeshi is if the opponent can't control the distance and they don't work as a pair (which is quite probable with the chance system that gradings are). However, here is the best chance to see the ki ken tai, the cutting action, the footwork etc unhampered by nerves and the desire to put on a good show for the panel, so please pay a lot of attention to the attacking side of the kirikaeshi. Pay careful attention to the aim of the cuts, are they to the head or to the receiver's shinai?

Show the appropriate kata level for ikkyu

Shodan

as above and in addition

Be tidily dressed and wearing bogu correctly

The dress code has been covered but look for baggy keikogi at the back, do himo that aren't tied at the back, for over-long men himo and for kote himo that seem to be coming unravelled. Also pay attention to men himo that are tied trapping the ears. In kendo kata you can see if the keikogi is correctly tied with the yoko musubi. Beginners are very often using club armour and its condition is not always under their control but it's all part of being prepared for the grading. It may be that the dojo leader needs to be approached about preparing his beginners adequately.

Correct chudan kamae and issoku itto ma ai

The shinai tip should be kept in the centre and not allowed to wander around. We should encourage techniques that are planned from toi maai and executed from issoku itto maai and not planned from issoku itto maai and executed from chika maai. Obviously there is an overlap between this and the next requirement, without the correct maai a correct strike cannot be made. Please pay attention to the maai on striking.

Correct cutting

Look at the position of the left hand (in the centre) and of the height of the right arm (extended from the shoulder) on men cuts. Left hand must come above eye height when raising the shinai for a men cut. It is unlikely that do cuts can be made as a shikake waza at this level (if it.s an oji do then it.s more likely to be a panic reaction on being caught half asleep). Look for the position of the elbows on kote cuts which will indicate if the grip is correct or not.

Good kiai, posture and ki ken tai

Kiai shouldn't only be heard when making a strike or thrust but also for building energy and confidence. Posture shouldn't be confused with posing, putting on an act just looks stiff and wooden. Look for changes in direction to indicate good balance, i.e. when starting to cut backwards in kirikaeshi after the tai attari.

Show effective zanshin

Two big indications of poor zanshin are>>?

1. turning after a men attack with the arms already in chudan kamae - compounded clockwise instead of anti- clockwise and
2.passing through to the left after a kote attack - compounded by holding chudan kamae while doing so.

Make at least one good point with strong spirit in each shiai A good point in each shiai is, I believe, enough, provided that the point is clean and clear, and not a 60-40 "just about" kind of ippon.

Show the appropriate kata level for shodan

Nidan

as above and in addition

Show physical agility and balance, fluid footwork

To make effective nidan waza the wrists must be powerful and not the arms, in kote-men combination watch the kensen is not pulled skywards with the right hand before the men is made, the footwork needs to be well coordinated and the body balanced. Watch the balance on the tai attari in kirikaeshi.

Kirikaeshi with proper rhythm, cutting and receiving correctly

Both sides of the kirikaeshi should be adequate for the grade, watch especially for the ability to control the maai so the attacker can cut in correct distance, men cuts that beat the receiver's parry are an embarrassment to the receiver at this level.

Execute an effective nidan waza

Again, one decent nidan attack, plus of course whatever else is going on, per shiai would be a reasonable level to expect.

Show the appropriate kata level for nidan

Sandan

as above and in addition

Attacks made with intention and never random

Look for attacks that build from toi maai, effective control of the centre should be shown

Ni - sandan waza with correct footwork

Multiple attacks should be attempted

Two successful strikes in each keiko

Show seme in attacks

Look for the use of the kensen in gaining the centre line as an attack is initiated, also the use of the kensen to unsettle the opponent's composure

Effective zanshin must be shown and acted upon

Look for hikiwaza from tai attari rather than a desire to go back to issoku itto maai each time. Attacks should be attempted from different maai. Keep within cutting distance after striking.

Show the appropriate kata level for sandan

Yondan

as above and in addition

Show the self confidence and mental attitude applicable to the grade

Live kensen to force opponent's centre

Look for men cuts made with no deviation from the centre line

Control the opponent's movement, control the shiai

Look for the ability to "refuse" the opponent's attack and respond with an attack in turn, attack and defence should be interchangeable

Attacks made when opportune

Look for missed or wasted chances, this is a good way to check on concentration and seme. Attacks should only be made when an opportunity occurs, or is created

Show the appropriate kata level for yondan

Tactics in Kendo Part 1

Sotaro Honda PHd, University of Gloucestershire, British Squad Coach

Introduction

In this and future articles, I would like to discuss tactics in Kendo. What I would stress, from the start, is that this will never mean describing how to win at competitions by pushing the rules to the limit. The word "tactics" is quite often thought of by many people as a means of winning at any cost for "Shiai Kendo". Japanese Kendo practitioners especially regard tactics this way and they do not like teaching them. However, tactics are not practised and used purely for striking an opponent and winning a Shiai, we can also learn a great many of the technical aspects of Kendo and develop our understanding of Kendo in the process of thinking, learning, practising and creating tactics. In this article, firstly, some of the negative aspects that people imagine from tactics are described. This is followed by the introduction of my experience of Kendo and tactics at Fukuoka University of Education and a discussion of the effectiveness of learning tactics.

1. Tactics and Kendo

Tactics are an important element in the performance of sports and Budo as are other elements such as physical fitness, techniques and mental strength. In Japanese Kendo society however, tactics are quite often thought of negatively. It seems that peoples reasons are closely related to their ideologies of Kendo as Budo. For example, the results of the interviews with Japanese high school physical education teachers who were in charge of Kendo lessons revealed that fifty three teachers out of fifty five had negative thoughts about teaching tactics. Their negative reasons were strongly related to their ideology of this purpose of Kendo as Budo, the traditional training and teaching of Kendo as Budo, the posture and movement of Kendo as Budo and matches, winning and losing of Kendo as Budo (Honda, 2003). More concretely, in some teachers ideology of the purpose of traditional Kendo as Budo, take it for granted that doing Kendo for the purpose of character building is the "correct Kendo". For them, tactics are used only for the purpose of winning and they are not compatible with real Kendo. In some teachers ideology of traditional Kendo training and teaching, good posture and reasonable Shinai control that we need in Kendo are acquired as the result of following the traditional way of Shugyo which involves repeated practice of Kihon again and again. They also take it for granted that correct Kendo is acquired as the result of following this process for a long time. The reason why tactics are rejected is because these are not included in the traditional Shugyo which makes for correct Kendo.

Planning and using tactics means aiming for oneself and ones team to win even if the right posture and movement are broken and therefore, the teaching of tactics is rejected by them. Finally, in some of the teachers ideology about matches and winning and losing in Kendo as Budo, they often see Kendo matches as being for the purpose of grasping ones ability and progress, getting opportunities to find out about ones problems and to review the process of ones Shugyo. The contents of Kendo matches place an emphasis on fighting by ones Ki and an opponents Ki. Even if there is little exterior movement, there are active interior movements in two competitors minds. They take it for granted that trying to overwhelm an opponents Ki by ones own Ki and to strike is the real Kendo. For them, planning and using tactics means bringing wasteful external Shinai and body movement into play which is not compatible with the correct Kendo as Budo.

British people, especially those who play Western sports may think that the above opinions of the Japanese Kendo teachers as a bit strange. Needless to say that Kendo is a one-on-one combat activity through attacking and defending by using Shinai. As Kern (1998) identifies, one-on-one combative activities require greater tactical acumen in performance than non-physical contact activities such as volleyball and tennis, activities that a certain number of athletes play in a game or race at the same times such as swimming and rowing, and activities which are not played simultaneously, where performance is compared by time, distance, height and judges scoring such as gymnastics, weight lifting. In fact, we all fight in Ji-geiko and Shinai by making use of tactics, consciously or unconsciously, in attacking and defending with an opponent. The Kendo teachers who participated in the interviews commented that an expected way of fighting in Kendo would be that one did not rely on physical abilities, but one overwhelmed ones opponent by ones Ki and stroke. This is actually quite a high level tactical act in a way. Beyond this level and to attack an opponent with the mental state of "Mushin" would be the ultimate level of fighting in Kendo, but this would also be the ultimate tactical act acquired through enough experience and a high level of technique. To think this way, it seems that the word "tactics" itself does not give a good impression to the Japanese Kendo teachers, but gives an impression that using tactics means allowing their students to aim for winning as the prime purpose at any cost. After all, whatever their reasons for rejecting teaching tactics and their ideologies of Kendo as Budo are, I believe coming from their love for Kendo that they want to pass on "correct Kendo" to the next generation as a pathway for self-cultivation and traditional Japanese culture.

2. My experience at Fukuoka University of Education

Although I myself had many Shiai practices and actual Shiai when I was a high school and a university student, I almost never learned from my teachers explicitly how to win and how to fight in a particular situation. Is this because there exists negative thoughts related to tactics (or to the word tactics itself) in Japanese Kendo society? This was left to students independent-learning and I acquired them naturally through watching other peoples Shiai and experiencing Shiai.

I started thinking tactics in Kendo when I became a womens coach at Fukuoka University of Education Kendo club. My students were aiming to win the All Japan University womens Taikai and so were practising for two hours five days a week. Two hours-five days a week practice itself is not too much at Japanese university Kendo clubs. After each practice, however, they always gathered together in the coachs room, watched video of their Keiko and Shiai which I had taped and we discussed their Kendo. The person who suggested watching video was me, but the focus on what to watch and what to improve as individual and team tasks was decided by them. After continuing this for seven months, they began to grasp what each member of the team was expected to do in each position, how to fight and how they could fight according to the different situations. Their aim was achieved in November 1995. They did not win by using mean tactics, such as running away from their opponents who seemed to be stronger than they were, running away after scoring the first Ippon, using only surprise and tricky attacks, or fighting with bad posture. They always reflected on the content of their Keiko and Shiai after each Keiko, discussing what to do to develop, the choices they could use against various types of opponents in various situations in Shiai, trying to use something new in the next Keiko and Shiai practice, and developing their scope in Kendo. Three years later, two of them were selected as members of the Japanese team for the 11th World Kendo Championships and one of them won the individual championship.

Through the experience of being a coach at the Fukuoka University of Education, I started thinking seriously about tactics in Kendo. But it also might have related to the negative thoughts of tactics. Little was introduced and known about the application of tactics in Kendo lessons. Although there were only a few books and research which described tactics in Kendo, often the descriptions of the content were too abstract and difficult to understand and apply in practice. Therefore, in 1997 I came to the U.K. to look for a place I could study theories and practice of sports tactics. Here I studied theory, practice and the educational effect of teaching the tactics of games called "Teaching Games for Understanding" as developed in England and I attempted to apply it to Kendo. Through this study of tactics, in England, I realised that learning tactics would be useful not only for winning Shiai but also for understanding various aspects of Kendo. The following describes some of my ideas about tactics in Kendo.

3. Re-consideration of tactics in Kendo

Tactics play a role to connect Kihon-geiko with Ji-geiko and Shiai. We apply techniques that we have acquired in Kihon-geiko into Ji-geiko and Shiai with tactics of, which technique, when, where and how to use it. Considering general Kendo Keiko, it seems that in most clubs a practice normally starts with warm-up and Suburi followed by Kirikaeshi, Kihon Waza-geiko and Ji-geiko and tactical training, in which the aim to learn which technique, when, where and how to use, is left to self-development through experience. Of course, in Ji-geiko and Shiai where there are a lot of changes in attacking and defending and no one can predict what to do in advance, judgement of what to do is left to each practitioner. In order to make an appropriate judgement consciously or unconsciously in each situation and execute an action chosen, however it is important to learn tactics in Keiko. There are some people, especially experienced Kendo-ka who believe that they do not need to learn any tactics, but think that to fight with Mushin is the best approach to Ji-geiko and Shiai. In the state of mental condition "Mushin", ones body will function the best unconsciously by automatically making the best choice of technique and movement. However, it will be impossible to do this if one does not work on developing choices of techniques and movements in various situations through Keiko. Choosing and executing Waza in the mental state of Mushin is an unconscious tactical act that is developed as the result of the conscious learning of tactics. There are also some people who insist, "I do not need tactics. I just do my Kendo whoever my opponent is." I am not sure exactly what they mean by "doing my Kendo". It has to be considered, however, "doing ones Kendo" does not mean doing Kendo in which one attacks with the same timing and same Waza all the time against every opponent. To be able to do ones best Kendo against various types of opponent, one needs to face them, changing the way of Seme sometime boldly and sometime delicately, timing and Waza according to each opponent. To be able to do this, one has to try to develop a choice of Waza and have a broader scope in ones Kendo. This does not only mean acquiring many different Waza, but means that one should try to practise with consideration of how to use the Waza one has acquired. Sumi Sensei told me, "In my brain there are hundreds and thousands of different patterns of Seme, striking, combination and dealing with my opponents attacking. I can use these properly according to each situation and each opponent." In addition, Sumi Sensei"s Kendo makes us have less choice and we end up attacking where Sensei is making us attack as if we were swallowed up in it. It is extremely hard (almost impossible?) to reach Sumi Sensei"s level, but nothing happens unless we try to develop scope in our Kendo!

4. Effectiveness of Learning Tactics

Once, you start thinking of tactics such as Waza, when and how you use or you want to use them in Ji-geiko and Shiai, you will start thinking of which Waza you need to acquire, what you can do at the moment and what you cannot. By thinking like this, you will be able to see the technical and psychological structure and mechanism of basic movements, each Waza and their interaction with your opponents. In addition, in the process of acquiring Waza you will feel the need to have a positive attitude and that you do not want to waste any unecessary time in practicing: Waza-geiko, Kata-geiko, Ji-geiko, Kakari-geiko, Uchikomi-geiko and the whole Keiko. Moreover, you will also begin to think whether you are fit enough to achieve your tasks? which part of your body needs to be improved? and whether you are mentally tough enough to execute your tactics?

The traditional way of Keiko in Kendo is through repeated practice and I do not reject this. By considering tactics in Keiko, you will realise the meaning and importance of this repeated practice and you will come independently to tackle Keiko rather than just doing in a parrot fashion or like clockwork, what your teacher tells you in. In the next article, I would like to discuss the process of learning tactics according to practitioners" levels.

References

Kern, J. (1998) Sports no Senjyutsu Nyumon (Tactics in Sports) (translation M. Asaoka, H. Mizukami, and A. Nakagawa). Tokyo: Taisyukan Publishing Co., Ltd.

Honda. S. (2003) Budo or Sport? Competing Conceptions of Kendo within the Japanese Upper Secondary Physical Education Curriculum, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Gloucestershire Park Campus Learning Centre

Tactics in Kendo Part 2

Introduction

In the previous article, the relationship between Kendo and tactics, my personal experience of studying tactics, and the effectiveness of learning tactics were introduced. In this article and the next one, I would like to discuss the learning of tactics appropriate to the level of the individual practitioner. These two articles are to follow my two previous articles entitled "Attitudes to Ji-geiko Part 1 and 2". Before getting started, I would like to reiterate that I never want you to think of this as "quick fix", on how to win competitions by pushing the rules to the limit. My aim is to provide you with some ideas and explore of the opportunities to learn a great many of the technical aspects of Kendo and develop your understanding of Kendo by the process of thinking, learning, practicing and creating tactics. This article describes the learning of tactics for Kyu grade holders and 1st~2nd Dan grade holders.

1. Learning of Tactics for Kyu Grade Holders

It is quite often seen in Kyu grade holders Ji-geiko, Shiai and grading examination that they keep attacking big Men from the same distance and with the same timing. Similarly, their teachers are often seen giving advice to "Keep attacking" or "Give everything". When one side starts moving and tries to attack big Men, the other side soon reacts and starts doing the same. As the result, they keep hitting each others Shinai before reaching their opponents Men and a successful strike does not happen for a long time. At this level, as described in Attitudes to Ji-geiko part 1, (BKA online news Issue #11 April 2004) it is certainly important for them to try to use techniques they have learnt in Kihon-geiko without hesitating and being shy. This would be their first simple, but important tactic. However, you cannot learn opportunities for attacking by repeating the same techniques from the same distance and in the same timing. Typically in Kendo, there are four opportunities for striking, which are; when the opponent begins to strike; when the opponent blocks a strike; when the opponent finishes a strike; and when the opponent moves back. In these, "striking when the opponent finishes a strike" would be an important tactic for Kyu grade holders to learn and try during Ji-geiko with other Kyu grade holders. Taking a concrete example, many Kyu grade holders tend to go though either side of an opponent after attacking, exposing their back completely to their opponent just like they do in Kihon-geiko. When this happens to your opponent in Ji-geiko, you should immediately follow then and attack as the opponent turns around. An additional merit of learning this tactic is that it will make them realize the importance of trying always to keep an eye on their opponent whilst fighting as well as realizing that there is an opportunity to strike when an opponent takes their eyes off, loosing concentration

When Kyu grade holders have Ji-geiko with their seniors, they tend to feel, in many cases, difficulty in completing their attack and stop their attacking in the middle of an action or keep moving back. Then teachers and seniors shout, "Keep attacking" or "Give everything". Unlike Kyu grade holders, their seniors do not expose their back during Ji-geiko (or at least they are not supposed to). In this instance, it is not easy for a Kyu grade holder to execute the tactic of "striking when the opponent finishes a strike".

What is recommended for Kyu grade holders in Ji-geiko with their seniors is to try to kill their opponents Shinai before striking. This means that you do not just attack straight but try to deflect the tip of the seniors Shinai by using Osae-waza (pushing the opponents Shinai down) and Harai-waza before striking (knocking the opponents Shinai from right to left, from the left to right, from the lower right to the upper left, from the lower left to the upper right, from the upper right to the lower left or from the upper left to the lower right) (see also Japanese-English Dictionary of Kendo, pp. 30-31). Of course, it does not mean that you can definitely score on your seniors if you use these. You will still be blocked by them. At this stage however, starting to learn "how to break the opponents centre" which is the most basic and important tactic in Kendo, is quite important no matter how simple it is. This simple tactic of "breaking the opponents centre" develops into more complicated and effective ones as you develop your footwork, Fumikiri, Fumikomi, speed and Te-no-uchi (I will explain this in detail later). As I described in "Attitudes to Ji-geiko Part 2 (BKA online news Issue #12 June 2004)", Kyu grade holders should focus mainly on developing Shikake-waza. It is important not to be afraid of being dodged and counter attacked, and not to stop attacking in the middle of your action, but to try to complete your attack. In this article, I would like to suggest the use of "Osae-waza" and "Harai-waza" in your Ji-geiko (and of course you need to practice these in Waza-geiko as well).

Although this may not be directly related to the tactics, here I would like to add something about defence in Kendo, which I briefly mentioned in "Attitudes to Ji-geiko part 1" . As a term "Bogyo no tame no bogyo nashi (no defence just for defence)" basically says that, in Kendo, defence is supposed to be done in order to promote the next attack and one has to make an action of attacking immediately after defending. This is also called "Ko-bo-icchi" in traditional Kendo terminology. As described earlier however, even if Kyu grade holders try to attack immediately after defending their seniors attacking, the seniors should not show their back to them and so Kyu grade holders will not be skilful and fast enough to counterattack with Oji-waza or Kaeshi-waza. I suppose, on the contrary, that they have not learnt and acquired the basic skills of how to defend an opponents attack. Strangely enough, methods of defence are seldom taught but left to a practitioners" self-learning and by experience in many clubs. Because of this, I think that many Kyu grade holders try to defend in their own (uneconomical) ways when they are attacked by their seniors and they have no opportunity to learn the idea of "Bogyo no tame no bogyo nashi". Okajima (1992) points out that beginners" anxiety and fear of opponents" attacking would prevent them from finding opportunities for a strike. I suggest, therefore, that teachers show basic defence techniques to beginners before they are allowed to join Ji-geiko. Here what I mean by basic defence techniques is not to defend by only blocking an opponents Shinai by just using ones own Shinai. What one has to be learnt are "Metsuke (positioning of the eyes)" and "defence with Ki-ken-tai-no-itchi". Beginners tend to stand and gaze only at their opponents Shinai and their hands tend to move as the opponent moves their Shinai. Therefore, they are quite often easily caught by a feint action such as "pretending to attack Men by lifting the arms up and actually attack Do". According to the Japanese-English Dictionary of Kendo (2000, p. 62), Metsuke is explained as "The act of paying attention to the opponents whole body while looking into their eyes." In addition, there is also another term to teach us the positioning of the eyes called "Enzan-no-metsuke (looking at a far away mountain)". The Japanese-English Dictionary of Kendo (2000, p. 24) explains, "It is important to look at the figure of the opponent as a whole rather than at a particular point, as if looking at a far away mountain." As for "defence with Ki-ken-tai-no-itchi", when one defends, one needs to try to defend by keeping a positive mind and using the Shinai, footwork and body movement. The term "Ki-ken-tai-no-itchi" is normally used for expressing the striking action, but its concept should also be applied to defence. It is not easy for beginners to do this. However, it is in your best interest, that you develop your Kendo through being struck over and over again, keeping proper posture and effective defence position, which will not necessarily be effective at first. In the future you will develop the skill to make a defence in the most efficient way. Okajima (1992) argues that strong defence is an important element in performance in Kendo. If that is so, then learning defence techniques with an understanding of "Bogyo no tame no bogyo nashi" at this stage will be quite useful towards helping execute high-level tactics in the future.

2. Learning of Tactics for 1st-2nd Dan Grade Holders

It is assumed that practitioners at this level can make a sharp strike with small and quick hands and body movement and powerful Fumikiri and Fumikomi. I suggest therefore, that practitioners develop the simple tactics of Osae-waza and Harai-waza and try to attack with feint actions. As the practitioners at this level probably already know, even if you try to strike Men after Osae against someone at the same level or senior, in most instances their Shinai will be blocking the target before your Shinai reaches it, unless your attacking speed is very fast. The same thing will usually happen when you try to strike Kote after Harai from left to right. This suggests that using feint actions before striking are an important tactic. Of course, learning feint actions progress from simple ones to complicated ones. What I would like to introduce here for the practitioners at this level are quite simple feint actions and a slightly complicated one. Some examples of simple ones are, "pretend to attack Men after using Osae -> make the opponent defend Men -> then actually attack Kote or Do" and "pretend to attack Kote after using Harai from left to right -> make the opponent defend Kote -> then actually attack Men". This develops into slightly complicated ones such as "pretend to attack Kote-Men after using Harai from left to right -> make the opponent defend Men -> then actually attack Do". What has to be remembered in trying to use these feint actions at this level is act first! Outwit the opponent properly and then strike". For example, in the case of "pretend to attack Men after using Osae -> make the opponent defend Men -> then actually attack Do", you need to lift up your Shinai with a big movement after using Osae to make your opponent believe that you are coming to strike Men and it is easy to defend it.

When trying to use "feint action then strike", many practitioners tend to try to do it too quickly. This will result in not being able to act properly and your opponent will not defend as you wish. The practitioners at this level should remember that what is important for them is not to move fast, but by skilful and slightly exaggerated acts, to make their opponent judge that he / she can defend the target easily by using only their Shinai.

It is also assumed that practitioners at this level have some Tokui-waza (waza that they are good at and use with confidence to score). In addition to tactics with feint actions, what practitioners at this level are recommended to try is to develop their Ji-geiko with thoughts of when or in what situation they should use their Tokui-waza. Here I would like to ask you to stop reading for a while and think:

1 How long after the start of Ji-geiko or Shiai do you attempt your Tokui-waza?

2 What are the conditions of attempting your Tokui-waza? e.g. distance, timing

I would also like you to think about what type of opponent you think that you can / cannot score by your Tokui-waza.

Can you have a picture(s) of a particular situation(s) and type(s) of opponent(s)? How much you know in your Kendo depends on how clearly you can bring picture(s) in your mind. Even if you do not think that you have any Tokui-waza, I would suppose that at least you have your favorite Waza and I suggest that you start thinking of your tactics and how you can use your favorite Waza effectively in Ji-geiko and Shiai. If you cannot bring any picture of a situation and type of opponent, then use your Tokui-waza in your mind; I also suggest that you start reflecting how you fight after each Ji-geiko. As described in the previous article, thinking about the above things will not only help you develop your tactical ability, but also help you develop greater scope in your Kendo and deepen your understanding of the technical and psychological structure, the mechanism of each Waza and its interaction with others.

As well as using feint actions, there are "Sute-waza" or "Mise-waza" that you can use to develop your Ji-geiko and Shiai. Literary "Sute" means to "throw away" and "Mise" means to "show". The meanings of these words here as tactics in Kendo are "Waza that are used for the purpose not of scoring but planting different Waza in your opponents mind so that you can make your Tokui-waza work more effectively in later attacking". Taking easy examples, to score your Tokui-waza, Kote-Do, you can attack simple Kote-Men a couple of times, make your opponent think that your Kote-Men is easy to defend and make the opponent defend by using only hands (then attack Kote-Do). You attack a powerful and sharp Kote a couple of times to score by Katsugi-Men later. An important point is that you should not attack by using only your hands but should attack with your whole body even if the Waza that you use is "Sute-waza" or "Mise-waza". Otherwise you will not be able to plant in your opponents mind the fact that you are attacking and you may get counterattacked easily. Here again, you need to show "realistic acting". Your Sute-waza or Mise-waza may reach a target even if you didn"t intend it. In that case, of course, you need to make it Ippon, so you need to use your Sute-waza" or "Mise-waza with Ki-ken-tai-no-itchi.

Summary

As you gain experience, you are expected not only to develop your Tokui-waza and favorite techniques, but also to improve the Waza that you are not good at and to become able to deal with people whose type of Kendo is hard for you to fence. For this, as described in "Attitudes to Ji-geiko part 2", continuing to avoid practicing with people who are hard for you to deal with is not a solution. It will remain your weak point. You should try to do Ji-geiko with them more often than with anyone else. Your attempt will fail and you will be struck again and again, but you cannot overcome this unless you keep trying. Learning through being struck is the way of developing Kendo. Of course, it is also important to try new techniques. However, do not try to do too many things in one Ji-geiko, but have appropriate task(s), considering your current ability and referring to your teachers teaching and advice.

The next article will discuss learning of tactics for 3~5th Dan grade holders, and 6th Dan grade holders and above.

References

The All Japan Kendo Federation (Zennihon Kendo Renmei). (2000) Japanese-English Dictionary of Kendo, Tokyo: Sato-Inshokan Inc.

Okajima, H. (1992) "Kosei-teki na Waza-zukuri no Sido-ho (Teaching that aims to develop pupils" favorite techniques)", in Zenkoku Kyoiku-Kei Digaku Kendo Renmei (the National Kendo Federation of Universities with Education Faculties). Zemina-ru Gendai Kendo (The Seminar on Modern Kendo), pp. 140-148. Tokyo: Madosya Ltd.

Honda, S. (2004) "Attitudes to Ji-geiko Part 1"

Honda, S. (2004) "Attitudes to Ji-geiko Part 2"

Tactics in Kendo Part 3

Introduction In the previous article, the tactics for Kyu grade practitioners and 1st~2nd Dan practitioners were looked at. In this article, tactics for 3rd~5th Dan practitioners are discussed. Firstly, I will describe methods of Keiko that 3rd~5th Dan practitioners are recommended to try out, to discover and develop their tactics against various types of opponents. This is followed by the continuation of ‘four opportunities for striking in Kendo’. In the previous article, two opportunities, ‘strike when the opponent finishes a strike’ and ‘strike when the opponent blocks a strike’ were covered in the relation to tactics. In this article, two other opportunities, ‘strike when the opponent begins to strike’ and ‘strike when the opponent moves back’ are discussed through ways of making an opponent attack or move back through the use of Seme and the practical use of the right foot.

1. 3rd~5th Practitioners: Methods of Keiko for Discovering and Developing Tactics

At this level, it is important to think how to develop Ji-geiko tactically when considering your ‘type of opponent’ and ‘your opponent’s type of Kendo’ whilst trying to extend the scope of your own Kendo.

Thinking about your ‘type of opponent’, for example, can be categorized into those; who are tall; short; those whose Ken-sen is high; or Ken-sen low; is slightly to the right; where the stance is big; or the stance is small; is wide; where the back foot is diagonally facing left; where the weight is rather on the right foot; or on the left foot, with posture straight; posture is leaning forward; or leaning backward and so on. Considering your ‘opponent’s type of Kendo’, can be also be categorized into types of Kendo in which your opponent; holds a shinai tightly, softly, does not use Te-no-uchi but relies on power, moves fast, is good at or tends to try Debana-waza, Kaeshi-waza, Hiki-waza, Renzoku-waza or feint techniques and so on.

As the above examples imply, when you think about ‘your opponent’, it should include both elements. To be able to do ‘your own Kendo’, it is quite important for you to consider, try, develop and acquire tactics for fighting against both ‘types’

Here, as I asked you to do in the previous article, I would like to ask you to stop reading for a while and instead think, refer to the above examples and the Kendo or your Dojo members:
How are you fighting against various types of opponent and their Kendo?
What footwork, shinai and body movements, Waza and combinations of Waza are you using?

As I described in the previous article, also try thinking of the process of using Tokui-waza [your favorite Waza] and how much your Kendo depends on how clearly and quickly you can picture all of the possibilities in your mind. Thinking about the above things will also help develop the tactics you will need to create and try against various types of opponent and their Kendo in order to develop the scope within your own Kendo. As described in Tactics in Kendo Part 1, ‘doing your own Kendo’ does not mean doing Kendo in which you attack with the same timing and same Waza all the time against all types of opponent. How you fight changes and you must change your tactical methods of fighting accordingly to your opponent, their type of Kendo and the situation. This does not mean, however, you should try to do something you do not normally do. You must choose the best option or the best option may be unconsciously made from a variety of choices. Of course, a person who does not have any choices can only do one sort of Kendo. Such a person can easily beat some particular type(s) of opponent and their Kendo, but is no match for some others. Speaking from a position of coach, such a player is difficult to select and use. What tactics can we use and how can we fight? Here it is not my intention to describe what to do against every type of opponent and their Kendo, but I would like to describe some methods of Keiko that 3rd~5th Dan practitioners are recommended to attempt, reflect, revise, develop and refine their tactics.

The importance of pursuing Ji-geiko with people who are hard for you to deal with was described in Attitudes to Ji-geiko Part 2. To keep avoiding practicing with them is not a solution. Your problem will remain. It is suggested that you should try to do Ji-geiko with them more than with anyone else and try to overcome the fear and problems, by being struck again and again, reflecting on your Ji-geiko with them, planning and creating your tactics. In addition to this, here, I would also like to recommend actually trying to copy their Kendo. I think that we all have had this experience of trying to copy someone’s Kendo that we admire. We try to copy that person’s way of Kamae, footwork, posture and attacking, trying to be that person and trying to gain something from doing it. Trying to copy someone’s Kendo that is hard for you to deal with in Ji-geiko is the same. By trying to copy that person’s Kendo and trying to be that person you are trying to grasp the feeling of that person’s attacks and strikes and also try to grasp what type of Seme that person may not like and where that person may not like being attacked against i.e. Men Kote, do etc, where there may be a weaknesses and so on. By adopting a style of Kendo that you find difficult, you may also get insights into the strengths of that style whilst practicing with a junior and be made aware of those weaknesses when you practice with a senior.

2. Learning Seme to Make Your Opponent Strike or Move Back

Previously, I referred to ‘four opportunities for striking’ and said that ‘striking when the opponent finishes a strike’ would be an important tactic for Kyu grade practitioners to learn and try during Ji-geiko with other Kyu grade holders. I also talked about attacking with feint actions and attacking with Sute-waza and Mise-waza that makes use of one’s Tokui-waza for 1st~2nd Dan practitioners.

These are related to ‘striking when the opponent block a strike’ within the four opportunities for striking. In addition to these, 3rd Dan and the above practitioners should learn two other opportunities for striking, ‘striking when the opponent begins to strike’ and ‘striking as the opponent moves back’.

What is expected of practitioners at this level is to have acquired the proper technique of Te-no-uchi in both Shikake-waza and Oji-waza. I don’t not mean that you should be able to execute both Shikake-waza and Oji-waza with the proper technique of Te-no-uchi in Ji-geiko, but that you should at least be able to do them in Waza-geiko when there is normally no resistance from your partner and you know where they are going to attack. In my experience, however, less than half of practitioners at this level in the U.K. can show the proper technique of Te-no-uchi in Waza-geiko. By acquiring proper Te-no-uchi, we can attack and defend without relying too much on our physical power, practice with anyone irrespective of the difference in sex, age and physique, and practice throughout our lifetime. It is no exaggeration to say that acquiring Te-no-uchi is vital for lifelong Kendo. However the purpose of this article is to describe tactics and not to describe methods of acquiring the technique of Te-no-uchi. The following focuses on two opportunities for striking, ‘striking when the opponent begins to strike’ and ‘striking as the opponent moves back’ and proceeds on the premise that practitioners have a proper understanding of the technique of Te-no-uchi.

2-1. Seme in Kendo

It should be fairly obvious that striking when the opponent begins to strike or moves back does not just mean waiting for the opponent’s action. 3rd Dan ~ 5th Dan practitioners are required to learn methods of Seme that will make the opponent strike or move back. Let’s examine what Seme is before discussing methods of Seme. According to the Japanese-English Dictionary of Kendo (A.J.K.E., 2000, p. 83), Seme in Kendo is explained as “To take the initiative to close the distance with the opponent with full spirit. This puts the opponent off balance mentally and physically and prevents them from moving freely.” This definition gives the impression that Seme occurs in only one situation. However, it is my opinion that the pressure generated by Seme can be felt at all distances and in all situations. That is, even if you are at very close distance such as Tsuba-zeriai, where you cannot get any closer or alternatively at a far distance, it is quite important to give Seme with full spirit and with the action that aims to take an advantage and overwhelm the opponent. Due to page limits, some methods of Seme in situations where you and your opponent are facing each other in Kamae are not covered here. However these methods of Seme are quite importantly related to how you make your opponent strike or move back.

2-2. Seme from Kamae: Use of the Right Foot

There are an infinite number of methods of Seme in Kendo. Here attention is paid to the practical use of the right foot and some of the methods of Seme that include making your opponent strike or move back.

Traditionally in Kendo, the right foot is called ‘Seme-ashi (foot used for Seme)’ and the left foot is called ‘Jiku-ashi (foot used for supporting the body)’. You need to use the right foot softly, smoothly and freely to give pressure and invite the opponent to initiate an attack. You need to feel as if your left foot, left leg, left hip and left side of the body is connected by one line and you also need to make your left foot ready for following the right foot and Fumikiri anytime. If however the distance between your right foot and left foot is too wide from front to rear, or the centre of gravity moves forward and backward or from backward to forward, or your upper body leans forward and backward in the Kamae, whilst you are trying to give pressure to each other, inviting to initiate an attack, you will not be able to use both feet as described above. You will not then be able to see your opponent in a fixed position and the timing of your striking will be easily sensed, when the stance of the feet is too wide and movement of the centre of the gravity is also big.

It is important, therefore for practitioners at this level to understand how to use ‘Seme-ashi’ and ‘Jiku-ashi’ and develop their Kendo so that they give Seme with smaller and more effective movements. What follows is a description of some methods of Seme-ashi.

Firstly, it is important for you to be physically and mentally prepared to attack your opponent and to react to your opponent’s attack from the moment you take Kamae after standing up from Sonkyo. It is said that Kendo starts with Rei and finishes with Rei. I don’t think that this only refers to the matter of etiquette. From the moment you face your opponent and bow, your fight begins and it is important to remain focused until the final Rei with your opponent. If you attempt to do your Keiko with this attitude, you will discover the most suitable methods of putting your weight on the feet, taking the stance between the feet, keeping your Ken-sen, stretching your left leg, bending the right knee and so on. If your attitude to how you take Kamae changes, your footwork will change, your posture will change, your Seme will change and your Kendo will change.

Earlier I described the use of the right foot as Seme-ashi. The right foot is also used as a kind of radar that can detect the opponent’s intention. Ji-geiko, Shiai and grading examinations normally start with the two practitioners trying to ‘search out’ and discover each other’s type of Kendo and intention, as well as trying to give pressure with their own tactics. For this ‘searching’ and ‘pressurizing’, bring your right foot slightly (only slightly) forward, without leaning forward and losing the feeling that your left foot, left leg, left hip and left side of the body are connected. At the same time, try to give pressure together with invitations to your opponent to attack by using the Shinai in the following ways; Osae, Harai, straight in, raising the Ken-sen up or lowering it. In the situation when your opponent does not react to your Seme or you feel uncomfortable with the timing, distance and body balance, bring your left foot up and slide the right foot forward again, searching and pressuring or bring back your right foot and start over again. In addition to this, there are other ways of practical use of the right foot. For example, you stamp on the floor quickly and strongly with the right foot or bend your right knee quickly and slightly in order to get the opponent agitated or make the opponent initiate an attack.

If you would like to get closer to your opponent (especially when you fight against someone tall) without them knowing, bring your left foot up firstly to the right foot before sliding the right foot forward (Tsugi-ashi technique). As the result of or in the process of the above ‘searching’ and ‘pressurizing’, you find an opportunity, you must immediately go and strike. If your opponent feels strong pressure from you and moves back, you immediately follow and give your opponent bigger pressure or follow and strike. If your opponent begins to strike or strikes, use (Debana-waza) or counterattack (Oji-waza).

What you should be very careful of is the timing as you bring your left foot up. It is quite difficult to react if your opponent attacks at this point. In fact, top level kendo-ka are looking for this point and can score a wonderful Tobikomi-men. All of the top level Sensei that I know check that they are standing firmly by keeping a line between the left foot, left leg, left hip and left side of body and are in the position that they can attack and react to their opponent’s attacking at anytime. Moreover, their skilful use of the right foot and Shinai handling make their opponent’s initiate an attack (for example Men) enabling them to counterattack beautifully (for example Kaeshi-Do). Their skilful use of the right foot and Shinai handling also gives their opponent strong pressure and makes them move back. Then they are immediately followed and struck by a wonderful Men or Kote-Men.

In conclusion there are an infinite numbers of methods in the use of Seme in Kendo and the above methods are just some examples. I think, however, that these patterns of Seme are well worth while practicing in order to acquire a higher quality of Kendo and Kendo that you can continue throughout your life.

Great,it's very useful.
Can u tell me some thing about u?

yes, I like a spirit of vudinhbao, it's very good. But don't talk about yourself in this topic, please post it in Vietnam Kendo Group :: Khẩu Đạo Qúan - Shiai by mouth. :: Cùng bàn về các Kendoka nào - Talk something about some kendokas :: Tên thật , nghề nghiệp của các Kendoka
And about your sharing, maybe it's useful ('maybe' because I haven't read it completely (^_^), anyway, thank for your sharing

These are grading requirements of the British Kendo Association. Other federations' requirements are a little bit different in details; however, the quality of kendo should be the same.

Passing a grade is also depended on the jugdes. Sometimes they will give you more leeway depending on your physical conditions, ages..etc.

try to answer these grading test. if we able to do so, yeah we are qualifier the kendo international quality

Understanding the theory is one thing, being able to do it is another. Personally I don't think the questions really reflect the level of kendo. You don't want to be just a parrot, repeating what others says.